Part I. Short Answers. Fully define twenty (and only 20) of the following terms. Be sure that you relate them to the context in which they occur. (This section is worth 20 points.)

Part II. Quotations. Answer the following questions about three (and only 3) of the following quotations taken from your reading assignments. This section is worth 30 points.

What is the source of the quotation? (Where possible give the title, author and approximate date. Also where possible explain the place of the quotation in the larger narrative of which it is a part.)

What essential cultural feature is illustrated or expressed by the quotation? (Take into account the nature of the source from which the quotation derives. For example, was it originally oral or written, a product of elite or popular culture, public or private literature?)

• "But the true source of his interest, he realized with a start, was her striking resemblance to the lady he loved so dearly, so extravagantly, that the mere thought of her brought tears to his eyes."
  
• "They faded into the distance appearing in the shimmering haze like tamarisks and boulders on the slopes of Bishah. But why recall Nawar? She's gone. Her ties and bonds to you are broken."
  
• "The Emperor could not save her; he could only cover his face. And later he turned to look, the place of blood and tears was hidden in a yellow dustÉ"
  
• "Do not go and disturb the spirits in their eternal rest. Do not ever go into the dead cities to question the past, for the spirits never forgive. Do not seek to know what is not to be known."
  
• "I have no love for you, you made this choice fall on me, and that was wrong. Just Emperor, here I am, before you. I have one will: to fulfill your command."

Part III. Essay Questions. Answer two (and only 2) of the following essay questions. This section is worth 50 points.

• Compare the attitudes toward bloodshed and warfare in two of the following texts: Sundiata, Song of Roland, and Tale of the Heike. In the two texts you have chosen, how is the mortal confrontation between individual human beings related to concepts of honor and loyalty?
  
• In the Tale of Genji, "The Story of Miss Li," the Arabian Nights, and the Ramayana, men long for and are infatuated with women who are portrayed as cunning and dangerous. In other words, women in these literary sources are objects of both intense desire and deep seated suspicion. Discuss how the cultures represented by two of these works reconcile this seeming contradiction.
  
• It has been asserted that our reading of a text changes when we know something about the life of the author. That is, it is both interesting and essential to know about the social class, education, and personal motivation of, for example, Snorri or Lady Murasaki in order to appreciate and interpret the works of literature attributed to them. Defend or refute this assertion. In light of what you say above, state whether there is something essentially different about the analysis of texts, such as, for example, the Song of Roland or Sundiata, which are the work of group authors or whose authors are anonymous.